Anastasios Karakolidis Archives - Educational Research Centre (ERC)

The well-being of Irish adolescents: Evidence from PISA 2022

This report provides a wide–ranging set of findings from PISA 2022 on 15–year–old students’ well–being in Ireland. Compared to OECD peers, it highlights areas of strength for Irish students, such as social connection to family and friends, growth mindset, physical activity, sense of school safety, distress from online content and cyberbullying; comparable results in areas such as psychosomatic symptoms, experienced well–being and bullying; and also highlights the need for improvement in students’ views on their health, body image, life satisfaction, relationships with their teachers and sense of belonging at school. Gender gaps were evident as female students experience poorer well–being across a large range of indicators compared to their male peers. Ensuring that appropriate systems, services, and supports are in place for adolescent well–being should remain a key policy priority.

Publication date: December 15 2025

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The profile of post-primary mathematics teachers in Ireland: Evidence from PISA 2022

Drawing on data from the PISA 2022 national teacher questionnaire, the present report provides an overview of post–primary mathematics teachers in Ireland, their backgrounds and professional profiles, their working life, their views on teaching mathematics, as well as their teaching practices and use of digital resources in Ireland.

Promoting participation and engagement: Ireland’s experiences across three decades of international large-scale assessments

Published in: Frontiers in Education

Abstract:

In large-scale assessments, the collection of high-quality representative data depends in part on (i) securing high participation rates and (ii) ensuring that participants demonstrate a sufficient level of engagement. This article explores the challenges of promoting participation and engagement with reference to Ireland’s experiences throughout multiple cycles of international and national large-scale assessments. Some factors likely to have influenced participation and/or engagement in the Irish context include: (i) the rising profile of large-scale assessments due to their prominence within a national strategy to improve literacy and numeracy; (ii) the transition of studies from paper-based to digital administration; (iii) the publication of new data protection legislation (both European and national); and (iv) pressures resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Initiatives implemented by Ireland’s national study centre with the aim of promoting participation in and engagement with large-scale assessments can be broadly classified as relating to consultation, promotion, and support. Lessons from Ireland’s experiences are discussed in relation to future avenues of investigation that may increase our understanding of facilitators and barriers to engagement. Ireland’s experiences offer valuable lessons that could inform practices in other countries.

Delaney, E., Clerkin, A., Karakolidis, A., Gilleece, L., & Millar, D. (2025). Promoting participation and engagement: Ireland’s experiences across three decades of international large-scale assessments [Perspective]. Frontiers in Education, Volume 10 – 2025. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1565557

The National Assessments of Mathematics and English Reading and 2021: Context Report

The 2021 National Assessments of English Reading and Mathematics (NAMER) Context Report offers a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing achievement in Second class English reading and Sixth class maths in Ireland. Due to pandemic-related disruptions, NAMER 2021 was postponed from 2020 and adapted to reduce the testing burden. Pupils had experienced approximately two months of remote teaching prior to returning to face-to-face instruction in March 2021.

Drawing on data from questionnaires administered to pupils, teachers, and school principals, this report situates performance outcomes within broader educational and socio-economic settings. Key variables examined include, pupil background, language, instructional time and homework, teacher professional development, digital practices in school and home, and school factors such as school gender, planning and COVID-19 impact.

Recommendations stress the need to build on existing good practice in schools as well as the strengthening initiatives to improve liking and confidence in reading and mathematics.

Trends in educational inequalities in Ireland’s primary schools: an analysis based on TIMSS data (2011-2019).

Published in: Large Scale Assessments in Education

Abstract:

Background

Socioeconomic characteristics are persistently and systematically related to academic outcomes, despite long-standing efforts to reduce educational inequality. Ireland has a strong policy focus on alleviating educational disadvantage and has seen significant improvements in mathematics and science performance in recent years. This study investigates patterns of socioeconomic inequalities in 4th grade students’ performance in mathematics and science between 2011 and 2019. Two measures of inequality are examined: (i) inequality of achievement, i.e., the degree of variability in student performance and (ii) inequality of opportunity, i.e., the extent to which student performance is related to background characteristics.

Methods

Data for 4th-grade students in Ireland from TIMSS 2011, TIMSS 2015 and TIMSS 2019 were used. Mathematics and science achievement were the main outcome measures. The home resources for learning index was used as a proxy for student-level socioeconomic status. School-level socioeconomic status was examined according to schools’ participation in the Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools (DEIS) programme, which is the Department of Education’s main policy initiative addressing educational disadvantage. Descriptive and multilevel regression analyses were conducted to explore variability in student performance and to investigate the variance in achievement explained by socioeconomic factors, across cycles and subjects.

Results

Between 2011 and 2015, between-student and between-school differences in mathematics and science performance became smaller, as shown by the decrease in standard deviations and the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). This points to reduced inequality of achievement. Between 2015 and 2019, a small increase in inequality of achievement was observed.

Regarding inequality of opportunity, students’ home resources for learning and school disadvantaged status were statistically significantly related to mathematics and science achievement across all three cycles. Overall variance explained by these two variables increased from 2011 to 2019. This points towards increasing inequality of opportunity over the period examined.

Performance gaps between disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged schools have been reduced over time; however, the relationship between home resources for learning and achievement appears to have strengthened. Findings were consistent for both subjects.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that improvements in overall performance do not necessarily reflect improved equality. Ireland’s improvements in average mathematics and science performance between 2011 and 2015 were accompanied by reduced inequality of achievement. Performance differences between disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged schools have been reduced over time, suggesting that the DEIS policy is meeting its goal of narrowing achievement gaps based on concentrations of educational disadvantage. However, inequality of opportunity linked to student-level socioeconomic factors (i.e., home resources for learning) appears to have increased over time. These findings are valuable in the context of measuring and tracking educational inequalities.

Duggan, A., Karakolidis, A., Clerkin, A., Gilleece, L., & Perkins, R. (2023). Trends in educational inequalities in Ireland’s primary schools: an analysis based on TIMSS data (2011-2019). Large Scale Assessments in Education, 11(39). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-023-00188-2

PISA 2022 Non-response bias analysis for Ireland

The National Assessments of Mathematics and English Reading 2021: performance report

The National Assessments of Mathematics and English Reading (NAMER) aims to provide a snapshot of the mathematical and reading skills of Second and Sixth class pupils in Ireland, to identify areas of strength and weakness, and to inform educational policy and practice. Originally planned for administration in Spring 2020, NAMER was overtaken by the COVID-19 pandemic. The lockdowns necessitated by the pandemic led to extended school closures and the postponement of the National Assessments by a year. By the time NAMER was administered in May 2021, schools had been shut for a total of 96 days in the preceding two school years.

The National Literacy and Numeracy Strategy, originally published in 2011, set out performance targets for 2020 which were surpassed in the 2014 National Assessment. New performance targets in literacy and numeracy were set for 2020 in 2017. Although NAMER 2021 took place during a period of considerable upheaval in schools and society as a whole, the study provides an opportunity to monitor performance with reference to these targets.

Author: Anastasios Karakolidis